Which T-score value indicates osteoporosis?

The T-score value that indicates osteoporosis is a T-score of -2.5 or less. This measurement is derived from a bone mineral density (BMD) test, which compares an individual's bone density to that of a healthy 30-year-old adult. A T-score of -2.5 or lower signifies that bone density is significantly decreased, placing the individual at an increased risk for fractures and other complications associated with weakened bones.

Utilizing the standardized classification system, a T-score from 0 to -1.0 indicates normal bone density, while a range of -1.0 to -2.0 suggests osteopenia, which is a precursor state to osteoporosis but not in itself indicative of the condition. An x-ray series of the spine may be necessary for other diagnostic considerations, but it is not a direct criterion for determining osteoporosis based on T-score values. Therefore, the only option that directly references the T-score threshold indicating osteoporosis is the one that specifies a T-score of -2.5 or less.