What hormone is primarily responsible for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?

Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as painful menstruation, is primarily associated with elevated levels of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that contribute to the regulation of various physiological processes, including the contraction of uterine muscles. During menstruation, the body increases the production of prostaglandins to help shed the uterine lining, which can lead to increased uterine contractions. High levels of these compounds can result in significant pain and discomfort, as the strong contractions can restrict blood flow to the uterus, further intensifying pain sensations.

While estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin play roles in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, they are not directly responsible for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. For instance, estrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle but do not have the same direct effect on pain perception during menstruation. Human chorionic gonadotropin is primarily involved in pregnancy and does not influence menstrual pain. Therefore, prostaglandins are the key players in causing the symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea, making them the correct answer.