In research terminology, what symbol denotes a subgroup within the total population?

In research terminology, the symbol that denotes a subgroup within the total population is often represented as "n = ". This notation signifies the number of subjects or participants that are part of the subgroup being analyzed, distinguishing them from "N = ", which refers to the total population size.

"N = " indicates the entire population under study, providing a broader context for research findings. By contrast, "n = " specifies the sample size, focused on a particular section of that population. Understanding this distinction helps in interpreting research data accurately and determining how representative the results might be.

The symbols "p = " and "P = " are used in different contexts; "p" often signifies a probability or proportion in statistical terms, while "P" can represent a specific parameter in probability distributions, but neither specifically refers to a subgroup within a population. Therefore, when referring to a specific subgroup in research, "n = " is the appropriate choice.